人工模拟增雨对油蒿种子形态性状和比叶面积的影响

【目的】研究油蒿的种子大小和比叶面积对不同增雨处理的响应,探明两者之间的关系,以期揭示油蒿植物功能性状对降水量变化的响应机制和演变趋势。【方法】根据内蒙古磴口县多年平均降水量,在植物生长季5—9月设计4个增雨梯度(25%,50%,75%和100%),对天然油蒿灌丛进行增雨试验,利用Winseedle种子和针叶图象分析软件系统,对比了油蒿种子表型形态特征和比叶面积对降水增多的响应,同时通过相关分析研究了油蒿种子大小与比叶面积的关系。【结果】不同增雨量对油蒿种子长度、宽度、体积、表面积及千粒重均有显著影响,在100%增雨处理下种子各性状指标达到最小值,其中种子宽度、体积、表面积与增雨量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。种子长度和千粒重与增雨量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),种子长宽比与增雨量的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。不同增雨量对油蒿比叶面积的影响差异性显著(P<0.05),且随着雨量的增加,比叶面积不断增大。种子大小与比叶面积呈负相关关系,但均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。【结论】降水增加后油蒿种子会先增加后减小来适应环境变化,通过油蒿种子、比叶面积两大植物功能性状组合对增雨量处理响应的研究体现了荒漠植物应对未来气候变化的生存策略和适应机制。     

不同处理方式对蔬菜种传病毒病的消毒效果评价

为了研究不同种子处理对种子传播病毒的灭活效果,试验以番茄、辣椒、甜瓜、南瓜种子样本中被番茄花叶病毒(ToMV)、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、黄瓜花叶瓜病毒(CMV)感染的种子为研究对象,经过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)和逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测试选择出研究材料,采用7种病毒失活处理方法,分别为醋酸、过氧化氢、盐酸、次氯酸钠浸种,干热处理,温汤浸种和臭氧熏蒸处理。结果发现,能有效减少病毒浓度的处理为盐酸浸种、干热处理、温汤浸种(65℃)和臭氧(10 g/m3)处理,分别能将种子传播病毒的浓度平均降低51%、50%、42%和32%。其他灭活方法治疗效果较差,病毒浓度平均降低了12%~27%。盐酸浸种和干热处理是最有效的方法,对种子出芽率和活力没有影响。     

我国土窖贮藏保鲜产业现状与发展对策

概述了我国土窖的贮藏方式、技术设备等发展现状，剖析了土窖贮藏过程中存在的问题，并初步分析和探讨了今后的发展趋势与对策，为窖藏发展提供决策依据。     

Selection efficiency of high inorganic phosphorus-low stachyose lines from soybean breeding populations of different genetic backgrounds

Reducing the antinutritional components of soybean (Glycine max) seed is necessary for producing animal feed with increased metabolizable energy and nutrient availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate marker-assisted and phenotypic selection for the high inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and low stachyose traits controlled by the Lpa and MIPS1 mutations in six breeding populations. Phenotypic selection for low phytate individuals carrying Lpa mutations using Pi was reliable, but the assay should include parental genotypes to construct thresholds before performing selections, as the effect of Lpa on Pi depends on genetic background. Phenotypic selection for low phytate individuals carrying MIPS1 using Pi should be complemented with sugar data because selection based solely on Pi may be inefficient, as this trait is not environmentally stable in MIPS1 germplasm. Marker-assisted selection for simple sequence repeat (SSR) linked to Lpa2 (Satt527, Satt561) depended on the pedigree of the population suggesting that perfect markers (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphism) should become the molecular tool for screening a large number of progenies with high efficiency.     

Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

柚木繁育技术研究进展

柚木为马鞭草科柚木属落叶或半落叶高大乔木，具有材用、药用、观赏等多种用途。简要介绍柚木的生物学特性及分布现状，综述柚木种子繁殖、扦插繁殖、组织培养技术及栽培管理的研究进展，展望其发展前景，以期为相关研究工作提供参考。     

Marker‐assisted parentage analysis reveals high individual selfing rates in tetraploid red clover genotypes selected for seed yield

Seed yield is a major breeding target in tetraploid red clover. We investigated if marker‐assisted parentage analysis can identify progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents in tetraploid red clover and if this technique is more advantageous than traditional half‐sib selection. Parentage analysis was successfully performed on the progeny from the 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes from a second‐cycle family selection trial: 16.0% of progeny were identified with a high seed‐yielding father. However, progeny plants with two high seed‐yielding parents did not produce more seeds than traditionally selected progeny (27.3 g vs. 30.7 g/plant, respectively). The 10% highest seed‐yielding genotypes displayed on average 2% self‐fertilization. Four genotypes were self‐fertile with individual selfing rates up to 20%. Our results discourage the use of marker‐assisted parentage analysis to improve seed yield in tetraploid red clover when the material has been preselected for seed yield. Breeders should be aware that intensive selection for seed yield in tetraploid red clover may inadvertently lead to selection for increased self‐fertility, which may increase inbreeding in the long term.     

无源蓄冷控温运输箱设计与试验

针对蓄冷运输箱信息化程度低、控温时间短、控温困难等问题,设计了一款集控温、远程监控、定位、故障诊断等功能于一体的蓄冷运输箱。以脐橙为试验对象,结合能耗模型,对蓄冷控温箱控温性能进行了研究。结果表明,箱内各截面温度不均匀系数分别为0.38、0.47、0.78,温度极差最大值为2.8℃,均匀性较好;当蓄冷剂用量为180 kg,预冷脐橙660 kg,在外部环境平均温度26.39℃的条件下,总控温时长为122 h,风机共执行控温21次,且随着蓄冷量减少,风机开启控温所用时间呈指数上升趋势,决定系数不小于0.928 0;结合能耗模型分析得出,该箱体在广州夏季高温环境下可控温5 d以上,能够满足远距离运输要求。